Showing posts with label Pharmacology. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Pharmacology. Show all posts

Tuesday, 2 August 2022

Inhibition of Aortic Medial Calcification: miPEP-200b and miRNA-200b as Potential Mediators

Abstract

When considering the flow of genetic information in a cell, the traditional pathway of DNA to RNA to protein is what first comes to mind. In recent years, it has been clearly demonstrated that this pathway must be revised from new data and discoveries. The extensive study of noncoding RNA (ncRNA) has led to the discovery of many of its functions that were once unknown. Perhaps even more intriguing is our recent discovery that was made in an already new field of study. We demonstrated that primary microRNA-200a (pri-miRNA-200a) and pri-miRNA-200b possess open reading frames (ORF) that were recognized by ribosomes, allowing the pri-miRNAs to be translated into two peptides, miPEP-200a and miPEP-200b. Furthermore, studies have shown that these peptides are involved in the inhibition of cell migration in breast and prostate cancer cells and may even serve as significant prognostic markers of clinical outcomes. We have previously shown that miPEPs have downstream functional effects very similar to their miRNA counterparts, resembling many other protective mechanisms observed in nature. This “double-edged functional sword” allows for continued activity despite decreased functionality in one part of the system. Although the anti-neoplastic role of these peptides has recently been an area of interest, not much research has been published regarding their role in cardiovascular disease. In one study, it was demonstrated that a single nucleotide polymorphism in the gene coding for miRNA-200b might result in increased protein kinase A (PKA) activity that ultimately leads to activation of thrombocytes and ensuing atherosclerosis. PKA is not only involved in platelet activity but is rather known to play a role in a multitude of cellular pathways. Of interest is PKA’s involvement in medial aortic calcification, a process that has been implicated in isolated systolic hypertension (ISH); this condition is associated with increasing age. We hypothesize that in the same way that miRNA-200b plays a role in decreasing PKA activity in atherosclerotic processes, the peptide miPEP-200b may also act as an inhibitor of PKA-induced aortic medial calcification. If this association is shown to be present, focused therapy with miPEP-200b and miRNA-200b, along with PKA inhibitors, may significantly reduce the incidence, as well as prevalence, of isolated systolic hypertension in older age groups, leading to a decreased incidence of diastolic heart failure secondary to longstanding hypertension.

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Friday, 11 December 2020

Lupine Publishers | Genesis, Evaluation and Progression of A Breakthrough Discovery to Efficiently Cure Cancer Through Use of Dr. M.S. Reddy’s Multiple Mixed Strain Probiotics as Adjuvants Along with the Traditional Cancer Therapies, Through Restoration of Healthy and Balanced Intestinal Microbiota and their Microbiome

 Lupine Publishers | LOJ Pharmacology & Clinical Research


Abstract

A breakthrough, Multiple Mixed Strain Probiotic Therapy, although originally designed to cure hospital acquired infections, has been discovered serendipitously by Dr. M.S. Reddy to treat cancer with greatest accuracy (60% as opposed to current 20%), with least or no side effects and least or no relapse, when used as an adjuvant therapy along with standard cancer therapies, including immune checkpoint therapy. This discovery can be further refined and improved to treat cancer at 80 to 100% efficacy to save lives of millions of people in the world by significantly improving immune system through positive manipulation of the human gut microbiota and their microbiome. The results of the clinical trials are outlined along with discussion and conclusion. The references listed have been limited to the latest, significant, and directly applicable research discoveries only.

Keywords: Dr MS Reddy’s multiple mixed strain probiotic therapy to treat hospital acquired infections; Nosocomial infections; Dr MS Reddy multiple mixed strain adjuvant cancer therapy; Microbiota; Hospital acquired infections; Immune checkpoint therapy; C Diff; MRSA; Microbiome

Introduction

A brief history on statistics of the cancer episode in the world. The International agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), a division of The World Health Organization (WHO), estimated that the global cancer epidemic rose to 18.1 million new cases and 9.6 million deaths in 2018 alone. The IARC reports 1 in 5 men (20%) and 1 in 6 women (16.66%) worldwide develop cancer during their lifetime. 1 in 8 men (12.5%) and 1 in 11 women (9.09%) die from the disease. In addition, every sixth death in the world is due to cancer. Assuming world population is 7 billion and assuming the ratio of male to female is 50:50, 700 million men and 583 million women will develop cancer during their life time and 437 million men and 318 million women will die of cancer. These figures are astronomical, mind blowing, and downright scary, unless something is done to prevent or cure cancer efficiently with 100 percent accuracy, without any relapse.

Materials, Methods, and Discussion

The question here is, how did Dr. M.S. Reddy’s discovery to treat cancer came about serendipitously? In the year 2016, Dr. M.S. Reddy, after working extensively for four decades on probiotics, published a breakthrough research article on the usage of Multiple Mixed Strain Probiotic Therapy to treat or prevent the hospital acquired or nosocomial infections caused by Clostridium difficile (C. diff), and Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) [1-4]. He has isolated and selected the strains of Probiotics which are naturally resistant to several antibiotics and sulfonamides to use in this discovery. Dr. M.S. Reddy has studied and confirmed through thorough research that, the antibiotic resistance was not coded by the plasmids but by the chromosol genes, thus it is safer to use these Multiple Mixed Strain Probiotics to eliminate the free exchange of plasmids to the pathogenic bacteria [5]. The Multiple Mixed Strain Probiotic Strains belonging to different genera and species (with varied physiological characteristics) were grown separately in selected nutritionally balanced media, not only to maximize their cell numbers and their single cell morphology (as opposed to chain formation), but also to significantly improve the quantity of their end products of growth i.e. immunomodulins, bacteriocins, and specific and nonspecific bio-active peptides etc. Such individually grown single strain probiotics were blended in fixed proportions and frozen using liquid nitrogen, to be used as therapeutic agents administered through oral route [3]. Unlike the popular thinking, the significant feature of the discovery is that the probiotic bacterial cultures alone (without their prior growth end products) did not cure the hospital acquired infections. However, the multiple growth end products of these Multiple Mixed strain Probiotics (immunomodulins) along with the active probiotic bacteria significantly cured the nosocomial infections [6].

It was also determined and confirmed that the multiple antibiotic resistant pathogenic bacteria i.e. C. diff etc. was initially inhibited (in vivo) through the immunodolation exerted by the Multiple Mixed Strain Probiotic growth end products along with the dendritic cells picked up probiotic cell wall antigens. The immunomodulation induced by probiotics was through production of IL-10, retinoic acid, TGF-Beta with resultant well balanced activation of T-reg cells [7]. The excess inflammation caused due to immune stimulation as a response to the pathogenic bacterial peptides of C. diff bacteria, through activation of Th-1, Th-2, Th-17 and excess production of IGA, was reduced predominantly through activation of T-reg cells stimulated by Multiple Mixed Strain Probiotics and their immunomodulins, used in this discovery [7]. As a second step (after establishment of positive immunomodulation in vivo), the live probiotic cells in the intestinal tract lumen started directly inhibiting the pathogenic C diff organisms etc. Thus, this invention is novel in that the primary inhibition of the pathogenic bacteria is indirectly due to the previously produced active immunomodulins of the probiotic bacteria, followed by the secondary direct physical inhibition due to live probiotic bacteria in the Lumen, through nutritional competency, production of organic acids, bacteriocins, and finally through stimulation and maintenance of component balance of other non-pathogenic saprophytic intestinal microbiota [5,7]. The bacteriological analysis of patient’s feces, after the multiple probiotic infusion treatment, revealed total absence of pathogenic C. diff organisms, and at the same time significant elevation of intestinal microbiota (in comparison to the beginning of treatment) by two logs (determined by combination of anaerobic as well as aerobic total bacterial counts). In addition, it was proven that the individual strains used in the Multiple Mixed Strain Probiotic Therapy did adhere to the intestinal epithelial cells of the host, which was confirmed by biopsy and subsequent microbiological testing including strain specific phage typing. While conducting the practical clinical trials using Dr. M.S. Reddy’s Multiple Mixed Strain Probiotics to prevent or cure hospital acquired infections, Dr. Reddy came up with another novel breakthrough serendipitous discovery to cure cancer with a significantly greater efficiency, when such Multiple Mixed Strain Probiotic Therapy is used as an adjuvant in combination with standard cancer therapies, including the immune checkpoint therapy. This breakthrough discovery has been published in 2018 [7]. Dr. M.S. Reddy’s discovery is termed as “Dr. M.S. Reddy’s Multiple Mixed Strain Probiotic Adjuvant Cancer Therapy”. This Adjuvant Cancer Therapy establishes immune tolerance and thus helps the primary cancer therapy to be most effective, with least or no side effects. It also significantly reduced the relapse of cancer, which was proven through multiple community based clinical trials. This was accomplished through positive maintenance of the cancer patients gut microbiota and their microbiome, thus establishing the proper immunomodulation which results in significant reduction of immune stimulation and inflammation. This in turn established a positive immune tolerance, which is the prime requisite to synergistically improve the efficiency of the standard cancer therapies. This explains why most of the previous cancer therapies were not effective to cure cancer with greater efficiency (of not more than 20 percent).

The clinical tests (with regard to treatment or prevention of nosocomial infections) clearly proved the following, using the procedure outlined in our earlier publication [1,5]. The antibiotic therapy (using vancomycin and bacitracin) alone could not cure the hospital acquired infections; probiotic therapy by itself showed significant progress even after one week treatment followed by total cure by 4th week; prior administration of probiotics (prior to hospitalization) for a period of 2 weeks, significantly reduced C. diff infection; the subjects who were given preventive probiotics for a period of 3 weeks (prior to hospitalization) did not pick up any C. diff infection, during and after hospitalization; combination of antibiotic and Multiple Mixed Strain Probiotic Therapy cured the C. diff infection in two weeks compared to probiotic therapy alone (which took 4 weeks) and antibiotic therapy alone (which could not cure even after, and beyond 4 weeks of treatment). Although it was a serendipitous discovery, later several planned community based clinical trials conducted using Multiple Mixed Strain Probiotic Therapy as an Adjuvant Cancer Therapy, along with the immune checkpoint therapy and other standard cancer therapies, proved that cancer was cured with 60% efficiency, as opposed to 20% by immune checkpoint therapy and other standard therapies alone. Unlike the pharmaceutical cancer drugs, Multiple Mixed Strain Probiotics come under nutritional supplements, as per the Code of Federal Regulations, and thus are highly economical and affordable and can be used without any major governmental regulations [2].

Conclusion

Dr. Reddy’s Multiple Mixed Strain Probiotic Adjuvant Cancer Therapy, proven through extensive basic research and continued multiple practical community based clinical trials, found to be the best complementary therapy to cure cancer along with the use of immune checkpoint therapy and other traditional cancer therapies. Ultimately, this could be the answer to prevent or treat cancer with 80 to 100% accuracy with no immune related side effects and with least relapse. Thus, cancer can be treated using such a complementary adjuvant probiotic therapy, along with any chosen conventional cancer therapy, as a choice therapy than a chance therapy, to save lives of over 9 million people in the world per year. It is the first time in the world, where a missing link in the successful treatment of cancer has been discovered, and immense credit should go to this breakthrough medical discovery. This discovery can be further improved to develop customized treatment by taking into account the genetics of the cancer patients to cure several cancers. Multiple Mixed Strain Probiotic Therapy, coupled with positive nutritional and life style modifications, may also serve as a preventive aid to eliminate or reduce cancer epidemic by maintaining the healthy microbiota and their microbiome.

 

https://lupinepublishers.com/pharmacology-clinical-research-journal/fulltext/genesis-evaluation-and-progression-of-a-breakthrough-discovery-to-efficiently-cure-cancer.ID.000121.php

https://lupinepublishers.com/pharmacology-clinical-research-journal/pdf/LOJPCR.MS.ID.000121.pdf

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Friday, 11 September 2020

Lupine Pub lishers | Beyond The Local Anesthesia

 Lupine Publishers | LOJ Pharmacology & Clinical Research


Editorial

One of the most important events in dentistry history was the discovery of local anesthetics in 1859 by Albert Niemann (1834 – 1861). In fact, this event represents the beginning of a new era in dentistry. Despite the adverse and lethal effects of cocaine, the first local anesthetic used in dentistry, this finding permitted the develop of other local anesthetics with less adverse effects and better safety index such as procaine, lidocaine, mepivacaine, bupivacaine, prilocaine and more recently ropivacaine and articaine. Local anesthetics constitute a group of elementary drugs in the professional arsenal of dentistry and are the most used drugs in this area. They act by preventing the conduction of the nociceptive electrical impulses in a reversible way, generating a loss of sensitivity to pain. Local anesthetics internally block Na+ voltage gated channels on neuronal fibers, thus decreasing nerve conduction. Na+ voltage gated channels are complex structures formed by two β subunits (β1 and β2) and a large α subunit in whose central part is located the entry pore for this ion.

In the last 100 years, the reversible local anesthetic effect added to the wide therapeutic index of these agents have allowed to perform invasive procedures in the oral cavity in different areas such as endodontics, oral and maxillofacial surgery, implantology, restorative dentistry and periodontics without pain during the performance of these treatments. This fact has meant an unprecedented advance in the world history of dentistry.

Several research have been conducted and published with the aim of improving the pharmacokinetic profile of these drugs such as inclusion complexes with cyclodextrins and encapsulation in liposomes and nanocapsules. These studies are aimed at increasing the liposolubility of these drugs through the neuronal cell membrane, as well as avoiding the use of vasoconstrictors that are present in most local anesthetic formulations to counteract the vasodilator effect of these drugs. Moreover, this new formulations could reduce the side effects of this drugs, because these cell carriers act as reservoir and from there they release (in a sustained manner) the local anesthetics molecules. These latest advances could allow in the near future the topical use of these agents and limit the use of dental needles for their administration.

Recently, there has been special attention in relation to the cytotoxic effects produced by local anesthetics. It has been shown, for example, that these agents in low tissue concentrations (as used in clinical practice) produce an induction of cellular apoptosis. This fact could mean a possible coadjuvant treatment to the base treatment of some types of cancer. Could it be that we are facing a group of old drugs with a new target?

https://lupinepublishers.com/pharmacology-clinical-research-journal/fulltext/beyond-the-local-anesthesia.ID.000105.php 

https://lupinepublishers.com/pharmacology-clinical-research-journal/pdf/LOJPCR.MS.ID.000105.pdf 

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Monday, 7 September 2020

Lupine Publishers | Comments on Whether or Not Traditional Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture are Pseudosciences

 Lupine Publishers | LOJ Pharmacology & Clinical Research


Abstract

Whether or not the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and acupuncture are science remains controversial. It seems that both should not be judged with the criteria based on the deductive reasoning because it goes beyond doubt that the different logical reasoning models between the East and the West need more conversation. Issues affecting the efficacy of TCM and acupuncture like Collection, Processing, Acupuncture as part of the health system, Designing Pattern-based research, Locating acupoints accurately, and Proper prescriptions are presented for discussion for the modernization and the scientization of TCM and acupuncture.

Keywords: Inductive/Deductive Reasoning; Acupoint; Yin-Yang; Pattern Identification

Introduction

Acupuncture and the traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) are complex, developed with the philosophical principles and reflecting Chinese thought, which is used to place the human body into a large system through the observation of nature and has been recognized and practiced totreat various diseases and symptoms worldwide. It’s been argued academically and clinically for long whether or not the TCM and acupuncture should be treated as science or pseudoscience. The Chinese are used to the inductive reasoning for more than five thousand years, compared to deductive reasoning of in the West. Based on this reasoning model, the TCM and acupuncture features similarities with Yin-Yang, Qi-Blood, the Five Elements, and Pattern identification in theories. In addition to the scientific evidence with modern techniques, such as fMRI and CT, to examine the effects of the TCM and acupuncture, it seems to suggest that some key issues deserve attention. Having the better understanding and learning of the TCM and acupuncture, which will greatly promote research in the TCM and acupuncture, may be beneficial to modernization and scientization of the TCM and acupuncture and rethinking the definition of science.

Current Issuess

Collection

The clinical use of Chinese herbs must follow the TCM theories and be based on the patient’s specific conditions with accurate diagnosis, following the principles of pattern identification. Ban-xia (Pinellia ternate) is effective to drain phlegm caused by dampness. Ban literally in Chinese means in the middle summer of which indicates the best harvest time is in the mid-summer between May 6 (lixia,) when summer begins and June 21, maximum summer (xiazhi) for the maximum constituents and best quality. However, this rule seems to be difficult to follow, suggesting why the efficacy is as good as expected for the clinical outcomes [1].

Processing

In order to facilitate the use of Chinese herbs to meet the clinical needs, herb processing is required because it can generally reduce toxicity, alter energetic nature, and reinforce efficacy to increase the therapeutic effectiveness. Radix Bupleuri (RB) bearing the properties of spicy, cool, and bitter is one of the most popular traditional Chinese medical herbs to treat Liverrelated diseases. Radix Bupleuri is derived from the dried roots of Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Willd (Nan Chaihu) and Bupleurum chinense DC. (Pei Chaihu), which is the main ingredient of the most frequently used preparations Da Chai Hu decoction and Xiao Chai Hu decoction in the Treatise on Injury by Cold (Shang Han Lun). The major differences between Bupleurum scorzonerifolium and Willd Bupleurum chinense DC. are the indication of Bupleurum chinense DC. is to disperse stagnated Liver qi while Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Willd is used to reinforce Yang Qi in the pattern of Middle Jiao deficiency [1]. However, whether or not Bei Chaihu (Bupleurum chinense DC.) is selected as the components of these two formulas remains uncertain since it is not specified by the author Zhang Zhongjing of Treatise on Injury by Cold (Shang Han Lun), even though Bupleurum chinense DC. is mostly selected for clinical use. On the other hand, the evidence-based researcher shows the levels of neurotransmitters in the frontal cortex and hippocampus can be regulated significantly with the use of vinegarbaked Bupleuri Radix In addition, vinegar-baked Bupleuri Radix can be more effective for relieving the depressed Liver qi and bring about the better antidepressant effect than unprocessed Bupleuri Radix [1,2].

Acupuncture as Part of The Health System

Whether or not acupuncture is science remains controversial only because this issue is presented and discussed by those who are used to the deductive reasoning. However, the objective evidence of the population of China has given the answer, explaining the statuses of TCM and acupuncture in China and the Chinese communities around the world. TCM and acupuncture had been the major approaches in the health system in the ancient China until the Qing dynasty. In the first half of the nineteen century, the population of China accounted for one-third of the world population even though China had been tortured by the twenty one major wars and battles, leading to the fluctuation of population. It is estimated the population was about forty two million in the Qin dynasty (221- 206 BC) and increased to eighty six million in the Han dynasty (206 BC- 220 AD). The population moved around 100 million to 150 million until 1700s after the Ming dynasty (1368-1344) and earlier period of the Qing dynasty (1644-1912). More impressive evidence is that the population doubled in a century in the period between 1749 and 1851[3,4].

Designing Pattern-Based Research

It is noted that most of the contemporary scientific researches examining the efficacy of acupuncture and TCM only focuses on diseases, instead of following the pattern identification. It is understood that a disease refers to the loss of the balance of YinYang [3]. TCM and acupuncture see the body as a miniature of the universe in diagnosis and treatment and believe the body acts with the universe, which is totally different from the Western medicine. Yin and Yang are the philosophical concepts and abstract with the functions broader than the anatomical knowledge of the Western medicine. On the other hand, TCM emphasizes the congenital constitution passed from the parents, which is equivalent to the concept of gene centered in the Precision medicine [5]. It is agreed that criteria for evaluating Pizza should not be used to assess Burrito. In other words, the research designs not following the pattern identification cannot accurately exemplify the TCM and acupuncture theories to a great extent because they are breaking the rules and principles developed with the inductive reasoning model [6].

Locating Acupoints Accurately

How to accurately locate an acupoint is the key to the successful treatment. For, example, LIV1 (Da Dun) is the most commonly used acupoint in the acupuncture treatment for regulating Qi in the lower jiao and Liver qi to alleviate pain. Unfortunately, whether this acupoint is located on the dorsal aspect of the big toe, at the junction of lines drawn along the lateral border of the nail and the base of the nail, approximately 0.1 cun from the corner of the nail [7] or on the lateral side of the terminal phalanx of the great toe, 0.1 cun from the corner of the nail [8] remains controversial in the clinical practice and textbooks.

Proper Prescription

As discussed above, Pattern identification is vital for the successful treatment outcomes. The historical developments show that an acupuncturist may face the following challenging issues, such as only selecting traditional acupoints for use, only selecting extra acupoints, or the combinations of traditional acupoints with extra acupoints, while a TCM practitioner needs to consider the processed/unprocessed herbs, the collection way of the herbs. Up to now, there has not scientific evidence to show which choice can reach the best treatment outcomes. In other words, these issues depend on acupuncturists’ wisdom and experience.

Discussion

There has not been sufficient scientific evidence to prove the meridians exist. However, acupuncture is recommended by the WHO [8] and widely known for the effectiveness in the treatment of pain. Current development and the acceptance of acupuncture in the West may suggest whether or not the definition of science can apply to the acupuncture and the TCM still deserves attention and discussion. The efficacy in reducing pain is one of the main reasons why it has been recognized to be the effective approach around the world. The plentiful evidence on the effects of acupuncture on specific painful conditions has been presented. The systematic review of 13 trials of acute pain found that acupuncture is more effective than both sham needling and painkillers [9-11]. Banxia (Pinellia ternate) is used to drain phlegm effectively caused by dampness, which suggests that it should not be selected to fight against phlegm caused by dryness. This example highlights the importance of pattern identification for the optimal and bestoutcomes. In addition, the nature of the Chinese herbs is changed when it is processed, which indicates how to identify accurately the characteristics of Chinese herbs is crucial to the clinical use. The historical developments show that there are challenges ahead of the TCM and acupuncture learners and practitioners, such as whether it is effective to select the unprocessed herbs, research design following the pattern identification, only use acupoints on the traditional regular meridians, when to combine the regular acupoints with the extra acupoints, how to decide the accurate needling duration, etc.

Conclusion

The expected treatment and experiment outcomes will not occur until the acupuncture and TCM patterns are followed and taken into the consideration since there exist some fundamental differences between the Western medicine and the TCM, including acupuncture. On the other hand, it deserves attention that whether the definition of science developed with deductive reasoning can apply to the Yin-Yang and the Five Elements theories derived from the inductive reasoning needs more discussion.

 https://lupinepublishers.com/pharmacology-clinical-research-journal/pdf/LOJPCR.MS.ID.000111.pdf

https://lupinepublishers.com/pharmacology-clinical-research-journal/fulltext/comments-on-whether-or-not-traditional-chinese-medicine-and-acupuncture-are-pseudosciences.ID.000111.php

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