Lupine Publishers | LOJ Pharmacology & Clinical Research
Abstract
Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases are a group of pathologies that affect the heart and blood vessels. They represent the leading cause of death in the world and also in Mexico. Timely identification of risk factors for these diseases is important because it allows for better guidance on activities carried out by health authorities to reduce the number of avoidable deaths. Numerous studies have been conducted in this regard, however, most of them have focused on large urban communities, which makes necessary to cover otear type of populations.
Objective: To identify the presence of cardiovascular risk factors (CRF) in the population of Jamapa, Veracruz, Mexico. Material and Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted in 81 patients of both genders, aged 20 years or older. Glycemia, lipid profile, insulinemia and anthropometric variables were measured, insulin resistance using the HOMA-IR index was estimated and a survey was applied to register history of cardiovascular disease and lifestyle.
Results: The CRF found were overweight/obesity (74.07%), sedentaryism (74.07%), abdominal obesity (55.56%) significantly higher in women χ2(p<0.05), hypertriglyceridemia (50.6%), hypercholesterolemia (48.14%), decreased levels of c-HDL (42.00%), diabetics (38.27%) and hypertensive (34.57%). 100% of patients had at least one cardiovascular risk factor, and a maximum of nine risk factors were found in 2.5% of the total population.
Conclusion: A high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors was observed in the population studied, and a high tendency to associate among them, denoting the need to develop strategies to address health problems in these communities.
Keywords: Cardiovascular diseases; Frequency; Risk factors; Jamapa; Veracruz
Introduction
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are a group of disorders of the heart and
blood vessels. These pathologies occur mainly as a result of a blockage of the
vessels which prevents normal blood flow affecting various organs and tissues.
Lipid deposits in the inner walls of vessels are the most common cause of
obstruction by significantly reducing their diameter as well as their
flexibility. This hardening of the arteries is known as atherosclerosis.
Narrowing vessels increases the likelihood of blood clots, further contributing
to vascular obstruction and decreased blog supply with subsequent organ injury
[1]. The study of these diseases is of great importance today as they
constitute the number one cause of mortality in the world. In 2016, 17.9
million people died of these diseases worldwide, approximately 7.4 million were
due to coronary heart disease, and 6.7 million to strokes. It is projected that
by 2030 almost 23.6 million people will die from some cardiovascular disease
and these pathologies will continue to be the leading cause of death worldwide
[2,3]. In Mexico, 25.5% of deaths in people aged <60 years are related to
chronic noncommunicable diseases, specifically 19.9% corresponding to
cardiovascular disease according to the National Institute of Statistic and
Geography 2016, INEGI 2016, Mexico [4,5].
There are risk factors that can cause these diseases to develop, they are calle
Cardiovascular Risk Factors (CRF), they can be biological, environmental,
behavioral, sociocultural, economic; some are modifiable, including diabetes,
hypertension, obesity and some lifestyle habits such as sedentarism and
smoking; others cannot be modified as age, gender and family history. In many
cases the sum of them increases their isolated effect producing a phenomenon of
interaction or synergy [6]. Obviaos manifestations of cardiovascular disease,
such as heart attack, stroke or others, usually appear in adulthood, however,
risk factors are usually present from childhood or adolescence, terere the
importance of detecting them early [7]. There are numerous studies on the
prevalence of CRF, however, most of them have been conducted in large urban
communities in the world, Latin America as well as in Mexico [8-10]. In this
sense, it is necessary to cover different types of populations, especially
those devoid of timely detection and which are prone to various health problems
related to feeding conditions, economy, hygiene, housing, among others. The
above justified the completion of the present study that aimed to identify the
presence of cardiovascular risk factors (CRF) in the population of Jamapa,
Veracruz, Mexico. Jamapa Municipality is located in the state of Veracruz,
Mexico. It covers an area of 132.4Km2, and borders the north with the
municipalities of Manlio Fabio Altamirano and Medellín; the east with Medellin;
the south with the municipalities of Medellin and Cotaxtla; the west with
Cotaxtla and Manlio Fabio Altamirano. It consists of 39 towns, 1 urban and 38
rural, the head town is Jamapa with 3,928 inhabitamos (Figure 1) [11].
Material and Methods
As part of a health brigade conducted by the Faculty of Bioanalysis, Region Veracruz, of the Universidad Veracruzana, a visit was made to the community of Jamapa, Veracruz, in June 2019, with the aim of detecting risk factors of cardiovascular diseases in its inhabitants. The descriptive and cross-sectional study included 81 subjects aged 20 years and older of both sexes. A survey was conducted to learn history of cardiovascular disease and lifestyle, anthropometric measurements were performed, biochemical blood tests were analyzed and the results were analyzed statistically.
Collection of information
By applying a survey with dichotomous and some open questions, information was obtained of variables such as age, sex, family and personal history of diabetes, dyslipidemias and cardiovascular disease, as well as behavioral habits such as smoking and physical activity.
Anthropometric measures
Measurement of height, weight, waist circumference and blood pressure was conducted in accordance with the manual of procedures: “Clinical and Anthropometric Measurements in the Adult and Elderly” of the Ministry of Health, Mexico. Calculation of the Body Mass Index (BMI) was made with the following formula,
BMI = weight (Kg)/ [height (m) ]2 [12].
Serum biochemical tests
After a 12-14 hour fast, blood samples were taken from the subjects, and processed in the laboratory of the Faculty of Bioanalysis, region Veracruz, Universidad Veracruzana. Glucose, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) and triglyceride were measured using colorimetric enzyme methods (Spinreact, Girona, Spain). LDL cholesterol was calculated using
Friedewald’s equation: LDLc = Total Cholesterol-HDLc - (TG/5) [13]
Insulin determination was performed using an enzyme immunoassay method (Mexlab, Mexico). Insulin resistance was calculated with the HOMA-IR index (Homeostasis Model Assesment), proposed by Matthews using the formula: HOMA-IR= fasting insulin (μUI/ml) *fasting glucose (mg/dL)/ 405 ->[14].
Clinical definitions/cut-off points
The criteria used to define cut-off points for risk factors were as follows: Age: in men ≥45 years, and in women ≥55 years. Family history: Subjects with a first-degree male family member (parent or sibling) who suffered a heart attack or other cardiovascular event before age 55 or a first-degree female relative (mother or sister) before age 65. Total serum cholesterol: ≥200 mg/dL, c-LDL: ≥130mg/dl, c-HDL: <40mg/dl, Triglycerides: ≥150mg/dl. Blood pressure: systolic ≥ 140mmHg and a diastolic ≥90mmHg, or the indication of current antihypertensive treatment. All these criteria in accordance with the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP-III) [15]. As suggested by WHO, overweight/obesity was considered with a body mass index (BMI Kg/m2), ≥25 for overweight and ≥30 for obesity [16]. Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR): >3. Sedentary, <150 minutes of moderate physical activity weekly [17]. Smoking, consumption of any tobacco product daily or occasional [18]. Finally, the diagnostic criterion of Diabetes mellitus following the recommendation of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) was fasting glucose 126mg/dL or personal history of the disease [19].
Statistical method
Risk factors were dichotomized in the form of presence versus absence. Categorical variables have been presented as percentage. Comparison of proportions was made between groups (men and women) using the Pearson Square Chi test. Continuous variables with normal distribution were presented as mean (standard deviation), non-normal variables were reported as median. The assumption of normality was assessed through the Kolmogorov- Smirnov tests and the homogeneity of variances between groups by the Levene test. Means of two continuous normally distributed variables were compared using the Student´s t test, and Mann- Whitney when the distribution was not normal. The statistical significance level was set to p<0.05 and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. The IBM SPSS version 22 program was used for statistical analysis.
Results
A total of 81 patients from the municipality of Jamapa, Veracruz, Mexico were studied; 20 (24.7%) were male and 61 (75.3%) were female. The average age was 49.04±15.86 years. The proportion of subjects presenting age of risk for cardiovascular disease was 40.74%, 74.07% showed overweight/obesity, 55.56% abdominal obesity, 74.07% sedentaryism, 50.6% hypertriglyceridemia, 48.14% hypercholesterolemia, 42.00% decreased HDL levels. Diabetics accounted for 38.27% and hypertensives 34.57%. By sex, 60% of men were at risk age against 34.42% of women, with significant difference χ2 (p <0.05). It also highlights with significant difference the higher frequency of abdominal obesity among women in relation to men χ2 (p<0.05), for the other variables studied, the Parsons Chi-saquead test showed that there is no significant difference between the proporciona of men and women (p>0.05) (Table 1). Serum insulin levels and HOMA-IR index calculation were estimated in 47 patients, 12 men and 35 women, who had any of the following parameters established as diagnostic criteria for Metabolic Syndrome by WHO: Diabetes mellitus, BMI ≥30, hypertriglyceridemia and decreased levels of c-HDL. It was found that 6 (12.8%) of the patients studied presented hiperinsulinism. By sex, 3 (25%) were men and 3 (8.6%) women. In relation to HOMA-IR, it was observed that 28 (34.57%) subjects had an index greater than 3, denoting the existence of insulin resistance.
100% of the subjects showed at least one cardiovascular risk factor. The highest percentage (18.5%) was observed in the group of patients with 5 risk factors, followed by the group with 3 factors (14.8%). A maximum of nine risk factors were observed in 2.5% of the total population. Figure 2 Means and medians of biochemical parameters are presented (Table 2). For total cholesterol, the mean was 204±52.41mg/dL in total population, according to gender, for women it was 204.4±45.9mg/dL, and 203±70mg/dL in men. The Student´s t test showed no significant difference between men and women (t.101, p.920). In total population a median of 41mg/dL was observed in HDL cholesterol. By sex, it was 42mg/dL in women and 38.5mg/dL in men; with no significant difference between medians (U-515.5; p-300). LDL cholesterol mean was 124.66±39.89mg/dL in total population, 126.63±37.97 in women and 118.65±45.79mg/dL in men. Student’s t-test revealed no significant difference between men and women (t.775, p.441). Regarding Triglycerides, a median of 153mg/dL was obtained in total population; by sex, it was 153mg/ dL in women, and 148.5mg/dL in men, with no significant difference between the medians of both groups. For serum glucose, a median of 87.0mg/dL was observed in the total of patients studied. Looking at both sexes, in women it was 87.0mg/dL, and in men 85mg/dL with no significant difference between them (U Mann-Whitney 581; p-0.751). Finally, with regard to serum insulin, a median of 12μlU/ ml was obtained. Comparing sexes, it was 13μlU/ml in women and 9.5μlU/ml in men, not having a significant difference between the two (U Mann-Whitney 176; p.0.406).
Discussion
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the world, as well
as in Mexico, so timely detection and control of their risk factors is of great
importance. In this analysis, CRFs found with the highest proportion were
overweight and obesity, sedentaryism, abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia,
hypercholesterolemia and decreased HDL-c levels. Overweight and obesity are
welldocumented risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The frequency found in
this study was slightly higher (74.07%), than the report in the National
Mid-Way Health and Nutrition Survey 2016, ENSANUT MC 2016, in Mexico, that was
(72.5%). By sex, the prevalence observed in this study was 75.0% in women,
similar to ENSANUT MC 2016 (75.6%); however, the frequency observed in men in
this study was 77.8%, higher than the proportion found in the same national
health survey, (69.4%) [20]. It should be noted that, rather than being
overweight or obese, it plays a transcendental role in the development of
cardiovascular disease, abdominal obesity, as it deepens the metabolic effects
such as insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, hypertriglyceridemia, low
HDL-c levels among others. The proportion of abdominal obesity observed in this
study was 55.56% in total population, and by sex, it was higher in females
(63.8%) than in men (36.8%) with significant difference. ENSANUT MC 2016
reported abdominal obesity 76.6% in total subjects studied, 65.4% in men and
87.7 % in women [20]. Although the proportion of subjects with abdominal
obesity in this study was lower than ENSANUT MC 2016, when categorizing by sex,
both studies were consistent with the higher prevalence of obesity in women
with respect to men.
Other important study on cardiovascular risk factors in Mexican adult
population, the “Lindavista Study”, conducted by Meaney and collaborators,
identified abdominal obesity as the most common cardiovascular risk factor
(61%), in the studied population [10]. The high proportion of overweight/obese
individuals and specifically those observed with abdominal obesity could be
related to inadequate eating habits and sedentary lifestyles, the latter
reflected by the very low proportion of subjects who reported regular physical
activity in this study, since in 74.07% of the individuals, sedentary lifestyle
was identified; this percentage is higher than WHO estimation (60%) of global
inactivity [21]. Sedentary lifestyle that is devoid of traditional diets, which
have been replaced by hypercaloric diets rich in saturated fats, trans fats and
refined sugars, also promotes the presence of other important CRFs such as
insulin resistance (IR) [22,23].
As for the frequency of alterations in biochemical parameters, this study found
hypercholesterolemia 48.14%, HDL-c levels 42.0%, raised LDL cholesterol 39.5%,
triglycerides 50.6% and 38.27% of subjects with diabetes were identified; no
significant gender differences were evident.
Meaney and collaborators in their Lindavista Study in Mexico refered to lower
frequencies relative to this study in terms of hypercholesterolemia, 36%,
elevated levels of c-LDL, 25%, hypertiglyceridemia (41%). With regard to the
proportion of subjects with low HDL cholesterol levels, the same authors
obtained 42%, coinciding with this research [10]. With respect to high blood
pressure, the prevalence in Mexico, according to ENSANUT MC 2016 is 25.5%, in
men 24.9% and in women 26.1% [20]; what this study showed, 34.57% of total
population, 25.0% of men and 37.1% of women, exceeded mexican national
estimates. 100% of the patients included in this study showed at least one risk
factor for cardiovascular diseases, it should be noted that a maximum of nine
risk factors were observed in 2.5% of the population. It is known that the
coexistence of several risk factors produces a synergistic effect that results
in an increase in overall risk for CVD [24].
Conclusion
A high frequency of cardiovascular risk factors was observed in the community studied, and an elevated trend to associate among them, denoting the need to develop strategies to address these health problems opportunely in these communities.
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